LED manufacturing can be divided into upstream epitaxy, midstream chip manufacturing, and downstream packaging, testing, and system assembly to create a wide variety of products. Each stage is further described below: |
| Upstream Epitaxy
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Compounds made with arsenic (As), gallium (Ga), phosphorus (P) and other group III – V elements are used as the basis for crystal formation, and epitaxy methods are used to produced epi wafers.
Epitaxy can be divided into liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), vapor phase epitaxy (VPE), and metal orgnic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).
Alliance Members：
LuxtalTek - Photonic Quasi Crystals
UniLite - LED Epi wafer technology
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| Midstream Chip Manufacturing |
Depending on the type of LED component to be manufactured, LED epi wafers are processing using diffusion, metal film evaporation, etching, and heat processing. Wafers are then ground and polished, and finally cut and cracked into single chips.
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| Downstream Packaging and Testing |
| After chips are affixed to lead frames, they undergoe bonding, curing, wire bonding, epoxy coating, baking, cutting, testing, and packaging to create a variety of LED components (for Lamp, SMD, Display etc.) |
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- Die： LED chips created out of monocrystals via epitaxy.
- Lead-frame： or “support frame”; primarily supplies the component groups between the solder connections and wire terminals; separated into anode and cathode.
- Die Attachment： placing LED chips in the correct locations on silver paste coated circuit boards or lead frames.
- Sinter： silver paste is heated until the resin materials hardens, fixing the LED to the lead frame.
- Wire Bond： metallic wires are used to link LED chip electrodes with lead frame terminals.
- LED Package： resin is used to affix LED chips to solder wire.
- Cutting： cutting machines are used to separate LED support frames from their connections.
- Testing： LED product performance and signals are tested.
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| Product Applications |
| Completed LED products are used in a myriad of product applications including traffic, automotive, electronics, home, commercial, and outdoor lighting.
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